經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的表現(xiàn)(經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化在生活中的表現(xiàn))

經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化是不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的歷史潮流

Economic globalization is an irreversible historical trend

經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化大致經(jīng)歷了三個(gè)階段。一是殖民擴(kuò)張和世界市場(chǎng)形成階段，各國(guó)都被卷入世界經(jīng)濟(jì)體系之中。二是兩個(gè)平行世界市場(chǎng)階段，即二戰(zhàn)后的兩大陣營(yíng)及市場(chǎng)。三是經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化階段，冷戰(zhàn)后世界經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化加速。世界各國(guó)要素稟賦不平衡和國(guó)際分工深化，是經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的重要?jiǎng)恿Α８鲊?guó)都不同程度地存在著自然資源、資本、勞動(dòng)力、技術(shù)、市場(chǎng)等不足的矛盾，面臨“分工受市場(chǎng)規(guī)模限制”難題，15世紀(jì)的地理大發(fā)現(xiàn)，推動(dòng)了世界市場(chǎng)形成。科技革命和產(chǎn)業(yè)革命，為經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化提供了深厚的物質(zhì)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。幾次工業(yè)革命大大降低了貨物運(yùn)輸、信息傳播和人員流動(dòng)的成本，特別是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)等新科技革命推動(dòng)世界扁平化，各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)相互依賴前所未有。國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)治理體系和冷戰(zhàn)后市場(chǎng)化改革，為經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化提供了經(jīng)濟(jì)制度保障。二戰(zhàn)后，布雷頓森林體系及關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定、國(guó)際貨幣基金組織和世界銀行三大支柱出現(xiàn)，提供了國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)治理的制度架構(gòu)，加之冷戰(zhàn)后新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體的市場(chǎng)化改革，推動(dòng)了經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化大發(fā)展。

Economic globalization has experienced roughly three stages. The first was the stage of colonial expansionism and world market formation. In this stage, all countries were drawn into the world economic system. The second stage saw two parallel world markets, or two opposing blocs and markets, prevail after World War II. The third stage is the stage of economic globalization, in which world economic integration has accelerated since the end of the Cold War. Uneven factor endowments among countries and an ever-finer division of labor along international lines have been important forces for economic globalization. All countries face shortages of natural resources, capital, labor, technology, and markets to greater or lesser degree, as well as restrictions on their division of labor determined by the size of their markets. The geographical discoveries of the 15th century opened the way for the formation of a world market. Thereafter, scientific, technological, and industrial revolutions provided the material and technological foundations for economic globalization. Several rounds of industrial transformation dramatically reduced the cost of goods transportation, the dissemination of information, and the movement of people. In particular, new technological revolutions such as the internet have led to a leveling out in the world and to a degree of interdependence hitherto unknown. The international economic governance system and the post-Cold War market reforms have served as institutional guarantors for economic globalization. After World War II, the Bretton Woods system and the three pillars of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the IMF, and the World Bank emerged as an institutional framework for global economic governance. Coupled with the market reforms of emerging economies after the end of the Cold War, these drove a major upsurge in economic globalization.

總之，經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化是由生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展和生產(chǎn)關(guān)系變革共同推動(dòng)的客觀歷史進(jìn)程，不以人的意志為轉(zhuǎn)移。歷史上瘟疫、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、危機(jī)等都曾阻礙經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化發(fā)展，但全球化潮流最終還是浩浩蕩蕩，滾滾向前，奔向浩瀚的大海。

In summary, economic globalization is an objective historical process driven jointly by the development of productive forces and changes to the relations of production; it is not determined by the will of man. In the past, plagues, wars, and crises have impeded economic globalization, yet ultimately, its great surge continues ever onward.

(Excerpts from Understanding the Great Trend of Economic Globalization and Expanding Opening Up on All Fronts by CPC Leadership Group of the Ministry of Commerce, Qiushi Journal, No. 01, 2021)

來源：《求是》英文版